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Controllers – Control the audio signalsĪt a minimum, we need a Transmitter and Receiver, the Controller is optional.There can only be one controller on the bus, however, the bus can have multiple targets.Īs for audio devices, they can be divided into three categories: Target – Receives the SCK and WS signals.Controller – Controls the SCK and WS signals.The devices connected to an I2S bus can be divided into two categories: Sending a single channel of telephone-quality audio would require a clock of 64 kHz. So if we want to send two channels of high-quality audio, we would need a clock rate of 1.4112 MHz.
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The quality of the audio signal determines the Serial Clock rate, and is determined with the following formula:Ĭlock Frequency = Sample Rate x Bits Per Channel x Number of Channels WS – Word Select, which selects between the Left and Right audio channels.SCK – The Serial Clock Line, sometimes referred to as the “bit clock line”.The I2S protocol manages PCM data on a bus that consists of at least the following three connection lines: It can be used to route the sound from source to destination, through various signal processors and equalizers in some cases. I2C works with digital PCM data, using any resolution and sample rate.
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There are several formats, a common one is Pulse Code Modulation or PCM. When digital audio is transmitted, either around the world or between integrated circuits, it is done in a serial format. Obviously, the higher the resolutions and sample rate, the larger the resulting digital data file will be.ĬD-quality digital audio has a resolution of 16-bits and a sample rate of 44.1 kHz, whereas telephone-quality digital audio is 8-bits and is sampled at 8 kHz. This needs to be at least twice as high as the highest frequency we want to sample. Sample Rate – How many samples per second are we taking.Resolution – The number of bits used in the sample.The quality of the signal is dependent upon two parameters that apply to both the ADC and DAC: On the other end, the digital signal goes through an equivalent digital to analog converter (DAC), which recreates the analog input and is then amplified to drive a speaker.Ī digital audio signal is not, of course, a perfect representation of the original signal. This can then be stored or transmitted without any degradation. With digital audio, the sound is sent to an analog to digital converter (ADC) to create a digital representation of it. Even the best analog electronics will induce electrical noise and distortion in the signal, although modern designs are impressively clean.ĭigital audio was touted as a way to eliminate those distortions of the sound. Getting the sound from the microphone to the speaker, especially if you wanted to record it and play it back on the speaker later, involved a lot of analog electronics. The vibrations of sound on a transducer like a microphone can be amplified and then sent to a speaker, whose cone reproduces those vibrations. Sound by its own nature is analog, and, prior to the development of digital sound, audio equipment was also analog.
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Here’s a quick refresher in case you aren’t familiar with the concept, if you are then feel free to skip it! Digital Audio In order to understand I2S, it’s a good idea to also understand how digital audio works. Standardized protocols for transferring data and sound would allow designs using ICs from different manufacturers, which is a good thing for everybody. As you might recall, Phillips also developed the I2C protocol, and both protocols were built to serve a similar need.īoth I2C and I2S addressed the need for compatibility between integrated circuits that handled data and sound information. The Inter-Integrated Circuit Sound Protocol, or I2S, was developed by Phillips Semiconductors in 1986. Today we will be exploring the use of I2S with the ESP32, and we’ll build a few projects that use the I2S protocol. The audio quality can range from telephone-grade to ultra-high fidelity, and you can have one or two channels. I2S is a protocol for transferring digital audio. At a glance, you may just think that it’s another form of I2C, and the “I2” does indeed stand for the same thing, “Inter-Integrated Circuit”.
If you are browsing through the specification sheet for an ESP32 device, you might run across the term “I2S”.
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